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318-02/318R-02 BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE AND COMMENTARYJames R. Cagley Chairman
Basile G. Rabbat Secretary
Craig E. Barnes S. K. Ghosh Cary S. Kopczynski Jack P. Moehle Florian G. Barth Hershell Gill James Lefter Glen M. Ross Roger J. Becker David P. Gustafson H. S. Lew Charles G. Salmon Kenneth B. Bondy James R. Harris James G. MacGregor Mete A. Sozen John E. Breen Neil M. Hawkins John A. Martin, Jr. Dean E. Stephan
Anthony P. Chrest C. Raymond Hays Leslie D. Martin Richard A. Vognild*
W. Gene Corley Richard E. Holguin Robert F. Mast Joel S. Weinstein Robert A. Epifano Phillip J. Iverson Robert McCluer James K. Wight Catherine W. French James O. Jirsa Richard C. Meininger Loring A. Wyllie, Jr. Luis E. Garcia Gary J. Klein
Voting Subcommittee Members
Ronald A. Cook Terence C. Holland Gerard J. McGuire Julio A. Ramirez Stephen J. Seguirant
Richard W. Furlong Kenneth C. Hover Peter P. M. Meza Gajanan M. Sabnis* Roberto Stark William L. Gamble Michael E. Kreger Denis Mitchell John R. Salmons Maher K. Tadros Roger Green LeRoy A. Lutz Suzanne D. Nakaki David H. Sanders John W. Wallace Scott A. Greer Joe Maffei Randall W. Poston Thomas C. Schaeffer Sharon L. Wood D. Kirk Harman Steven L. McCabe
Consulting Members
Richard D. Gaynor Edward S. Hoffman Richard A. Ramsey
Jacob S. Grossman Francis J. Jacques† Irwin J. Speyer John M. Hanson Alan H. Mattock
*Retired from committee before the final ballot. †Deceased.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-02) AND
COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-02)
ACI Committee 318 Structural Building Code
318/318R-2 ACI STANDARD/COMMITTEE REPORT
INTRODUCTION 318/318R-1
The code portion of this document covers the proper design and construction of buildings of structural concrete. The code has been written in such form that it may be adopted by reference in a general building code and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner.
Among the subjects covered are: drawings and specifications; inspection; materials; durability requirements; concrete quality, mixing, and placing; formwork; embedded pipes; construction joints; reinforcement details; analysis and de- sign; strength and serviceability; flexural and axial loads; shear and torsion; development and splices of reinforcement; slab systems; walls; footings; precast concrete; composite flexural members; prestressed concrete; shells and folded plate members; strength evaluation of existing structures; special provisions for seismic design; structural plain concrete; strut-and-tie modeling in Appendix A; alternative design provisions in Appendix B; alternative load and strength-reduc- tion factors in Appendix C; and anchoring to concrete in Appendix D.
BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE (ACI 318-02) AND COMMENTARY (ACI 318R-02)
REPORTED BY ACI COMMITTEE 318
The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate ANSI/AWS standard.
Because the ACI Building Code is written as a legal document so that it may be adopted by reference in a general build- ing code, it cannot present background details or suggestions for carrying out its requirements or intent. It is the function of this commentary to fill this need.
The commentary discusses some of the considerations of the committee in developing the code with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions that may be unfamiliar to code users.
References to much of the research data referred to in preparing the code are cited for the user desiring to study indi- vidual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the code are also cited.
Keywords: admixtures; aggregates; anchorage (structural); beam-column frame; beams (supports); building codes; cements; cold weather construction; col- umns (supports); combined stress; composite construction (concrete and steel); composite construction (concrete to concrete); compressive strength; concrete construction; concretes; concrete slabs; construction joints; continuity (structural); contraction joints; cover; curing; deep beams; deflections; drawings; earth- quake resistant structures; embedded service ducts; flexural strength; floors; folded plates; footings; formwork (construction); frames; hot weather construction; inspection; isolation joints; joints (junctions); joists; lightweight concretes; loads (forces); load tests (structural); materials; mixing; mix proportioning; modulus of elasticity; moments; pipe columns; pipes (tubing); placing; plain concrete; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; quality control; rein- forced concrete; reinforcing steels; roofs; serviceability; shear strength; shearwalls; shells (structural forms); spans; specifications; splicing; strength; strength analysis; stresses; structural analysis; structural concrete; structural design; structural integrity; T-beams; torsion; walls; water; welded wire fabric.
ACI 318-02 was adopted as a standard of the American Concrete Institute November 1, 2001 to supersede ACI 318-99 in accordance with the Insti- tute's standardization procedure.
A complete metric companion to ACI 318/318R has been developed, 318M/318RM; therefore no metric equivalents are included in this document.
ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Standard Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. This Commentary is intended for the use of individuals who are competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its content and recommendations and who will accept responsibility for the application of the material it contains. The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not be liable for
ACI 318 Building C
any loss or damage arising therefrom. Reference to this commentary shall not be made in contract documents. If items found in this Commentary are de- sired by the Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by the Architect/ Engineer.
Copyright 2002, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form
or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or record- ing for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copy- right proprietors.
ode and Commentary
318/318R-2 INTRODUCTION
The 2002 ACI Building Code and Commentary are presented in a side-by-side column format, with code text placed in the left column and the corresponding commentary text aligned in the right column. To further distin- guish the Code from the Commentary, the Code has been printed in Helvetica, the same type face in which this paragraph is set. Vertical lines in the margins indicate changes from ACI 318-99, including nontechnical changes such as a new section or equation number.
This paragraph is set in Times Roman, and all portions of the text exclusive to the Commentary are printed in this type face. Commentary section numbers are preceded by an "R" to further distinguish them from Code section numbers. Vertical lines in the margins indicate changes from ACI 318R-99, including nontechnical changes such as a new section or equation number.
INTRODUCTION
This commentary discusses some of the considerations of Committee 318 in developing the provisions contained in "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02)," hereinafter called the code or the 2002 code. Em- phasis is given to the explanation of new or revised provi- sions that may be unfamiliar to code users. In addition, comments are included for some items contained in previous editions of the code to make the present commentary inde- pendent of the commentary for ACI 318-99. Comments on specific provisions are made under the corresponding chap- ter and section numbers of the code.
The commentary is not intended to provide a complete his- torical background concerning the development of the ACI Building Code,* nor is it intended to provide a detailed ré- sumé of the studies and research data reviewed by the com- mittee in formulating the provisions of the code. However, references to some of the research data are provided for those who wish to study the background material in depth.
As the name implies, "Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02)" is meant to be used as part of a legally adopted building code and as such must dif- fer in form and substance from documents that provide de- tailed specifications, recommended practice, complete design procedures, or design aids.
The code is intended to cover all buildings of the usual types, both large and small. Requirements more stringent than the code provisions may be desirable for unusual construction. The code and commentary cannot replace sound engineering knowledge, experience, and judgement.
A building code states only the minimum requirements nec- essary to provide for public health and safety. The code is based on this principle. For any structure, the owner or the structural designer may require the quality of materials and construction to be higher than the minimum requirements necessary to protect the public as stated in the code. Howev- er, lower standards are not permitted.
ACI 318 Building Cod
* For a history of the ACI Building Code see Kerekes, Frank, and Reid, Harold B., Jr., "Fifty Years of Development in Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Con- crete," ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 50, No. 6, Feb. 1954, p. 441. For a discussion of code philosophy, see Siess, Chester P., "Research, Building Codes, and Engineering Practice," ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 56, No. 5, May 1960, p. 1105.
The commentary directs attention to other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements and in- tent of the code. However, those documents and the com- mentary are not a part of the code.
The code has no legal status unless it is adopted by the gov- ernment bodies having the police power to regulate building design and construction. Where the code has not been adopt- ed, it may serve as a reference to good practice even though it has no legal status.
The code provides a means of establishing minimum standards for acceptance of designs and construction by a legally ap- pointed building official or his designated representatives. The code and commentary are not intended for use in settling dis- putes between the owner, engineer, architect, contractor, or their agents, subcontractors, material suppliers, or testing agen- cies. Therefore, the code cannot define the contract responsibil- ity of each of the parties in usual construction. General references requiring compliance with the code in the job spec- ifications should be avoided since the contractor is rarely in a position to accept responsibility for design details or construc- tion requirements that depend on a detailed knowledge of the design. Generally, the drawings, specifications and contract documents should contain all of the necessary requirements to ensure compliance with the code. In part, this can be accom- plished by reference to specific code sections in the job speci- fications. Other ACI publications, such as "Specifications for Structural Concrete (ACI 301)" are written specifically for use as contract documents for construction.
It is desirable to have testing and certification programs for the individual parties involved with the execution of work performed in accordance with this code. Available for this purpose are the plant certification programs of the Precast/ Prestressed Concrete Institute, the Post-Tensioning Institute and the National Ready Mixed Concrete Association; the personnel certification programs of the American Concrete Institute and the Post-Tensioning Institute; and the Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute's Voluntary Certification Pro- gram for Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coating Applicator Plants. In addition, "Standard Specification for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Materials Used in Con- struction" (ASTM E 329-00b) specifies performance re- quirements for inspection and testing agencies.
e and Commentary
INTRODUCTION 318/318R-3
Design reference materials illustrating applications of the code requirements may be found in the following docu- ments. The design aids listed may be obtained from the spon- soring organization.
Design aids:
"ACI Design Handbook," ACI Committee 340, Publica- tion SP-17(97), American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1997, 482 pp. (Provides tables and charts for de- sign of eccentrically loaded columns by the Strength Design Method. Provides design aids for use in the engineering de- sign and analysis of reinforced concrete slab systems carry- ing loads by two-way action. Design aids are also provided for the selection of slab thickness and for reinforcement re- quired to control deformation and assure adequate shear and flexural strengths.)
"ACI Detailing Manual—1994," ACI Committee 315, Publication SP-66(94), American Concrete Institute, Farm- ington Hills, Mich., 1994, 244 pp. (Includes the standard, ACI 315-92, and report, ACI 315R-94. Provides recommended methods and standards for preparing engineering drawings, typical details, and drawings placing reinforcing steel in rein- forced concrete structures. Separate sections define responsibil- ities of both engineer and reinforcing bar detailer.)
"Guide to Durable Concrete (ACI 201.2R-92)," ACI Committee 201, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1992, 41 pp. (Describes specific types of con- crete deterioration. It contains a discussion of the mecha- nisms involved in deterioration and the recommended requirements for individual components of the concrete, quality considerations for concrete mixtures, construction procedures, and influences of the exposure environment. Section R4.4.1 discusses the difference in chloride-ion limits between ACI 201.2R-92 and the code.)
"Guide for the Design of Durable Parking Structures (362.1R-97)," ACI Committee 362, American Concrete Insti- tute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1997, 40 pp. (Summarizes prac- tical information regarding design of parking structures for durability. It also includes information about design issues re- lated to parking structure construction and maintenance.)
"CRSI Handbook," Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Schaumburg, Ill., 8th Edition, 1996, 960 pp. (Provides tabu- lated designs for structural elements and slab systems. De- sign examples are provided to show the basis of and use of the load tables. Tabulated designs are given for beams; square, round and rectangular columns; one-way slabs; and one-way joist construction. The design tables for two-way slab systems include flat plates, flat slabs and waffle slabs. The chapters on foundations provide design tables for square footings, pile caps, drilled piers (caissons) and cantilevered retaining walls. Other design aids are presented for crack control; and development of reinforcement and lap splices.)
ACI 318 Building Cod
"Reinforcement Anchorages and Splices," Concrete Rein- forcing Steel Institute, Schaumberg, Ill., 4th Edition, 1997, 100 pp. (Provides accepted practices in splicing reinforce- ment. The use of lap splices, mechanical splices, and welded splices are described. Design data are presented for develop- ment and lap splicing of reinforcement.)
"Structural Welded Wire Reinforcement Manual of Stan- dard Practice," Wire Reinforcement Institute, Findlay, Ohio, 4th Edition, Apr. 1992, 31 pp. (Describes wire fabric material, gives nomenclature and wire size and weight tables. Lists specifications and properties and manufacturing limitations. Book has latest code requirements as code affects welded wire. Also gives development length and splice length tables. Manual contains customary units and soft metric units.)
"Structural Welded Wire Reinforcement Detailing Manual," Wire Reinforcement Institute, Findlay, Ohio, 1994, 252 pp. (Up- dated with current technical fact sheets inserted.) The manual, in addition to including ACI 318 provisions and design aids, also in- cludes: detailing guidance on welded wire reinforcement in one- way and two-way slabs; precast/prestressed concrete compo- nents; columns and beams; cast-in-place walls; and slabs-on- ground. In addition, there are tables to compare areas and spac- ings of high-strength welded wire with conventional reinforcing.
"Strength Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns," Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Ill., 1978, 48 pp. (Pro- vides design tables of column strength in terms of load in kips versus moment in ft-kips for concrete strength of 5000 psi and Grade 60 reinforcement. Design examples are in- cluded. Note that the PCA design tables do not include the strength reduction factor φφ in the tabulated values; Mu/φφ and Pu/φφ must be used when designing with this aid.
"PCI Design Handbook—Precast and Prestressed Con- crete," Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, 5th Edition, 1999, 630 pp. (Provides load tables for common in- dustry products, and procedures for design and analysis of precast and prestressed elements and structures composed of these elements. Provides design aids and examples.)
"Design and Typical Details of Connections for Precast and Prestressed Concrete," Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, 2nd Edition, 1988, 270 pp. (Updates avail- able information on design of connections for both structural and architectural products, and presents a full spectrum of typical details. Provides design aids and examples.)
"PTI Post-Tensioning Manual," Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, 5th Edition, 1990, 406 pp. (Provides comprehen- sive coverage of post-tensioning systems, specifications, and design aid construction concepts.)
"PTI Design of Post-Tensioned Slabs," Post-Tensioning Institute, Phoenix, 2nd Edition, Apr. 1984, 56 pp. (Illustrates application of the code requirements for design of one-way and two-way post-tensioned slabs. Detailed design examples are presented.)
e and Commentary
TABLE OF CONTENTS318/318R-4
1.3—Inspection 1.4—Approval of special systems of design or
construction
CHAPTER 3—MATERIALS..........................................................................318-27
3.0—Notation 3.1—Tests of materials 3.2—Cements 3.3—Aggregates 3.4—Water
3.5—Steel reinforcement 3.6—Admixtures 3.7—Storage of materials 3.8—Referenced standards
PART 3—CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 4—DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS ............................................318-41
4.0—Notation 4.1—Water-cementitious materials ratio 4.2—Freezing and thawing exposures
4.3—Sulfate exposures 4.4—Corrosion protection of reinforcement
CHAPTER 5—CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING .................318-47
5.0—Notation 5.1—General 5.2—Selection of concrete proportions 5.3—Proportioning on the basis of field experience or trial
mixtures, or both 5.4—Proportioning without field experience or trial mixtures 5.5—Average strength reduction 5.6—Evaluation and acceptance of concrete
5.7—Preparation of equipment and place of deposit 5.8—Mixing 5.9—Conveying 5.10—Depositing 5.11—Curing 5.12—Cold weather requirements 5.13—Hot weather requirements
CHAPTER 6—FORMWORK, EMBEDDED PIPES, AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS ..................................................... 318-63
6.1—Design of formwork 6.2—Removal of forms, shores, and reshoring
6.3—Conduits and pipes embedded in concrete 6.4—Construction joints
CHAPTER 7—DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT ........................................ 318-69
7.0—Notation 7.1—Standard hooks 7.2—Minimum bend diameters 7.3—Bending 7.4—Surface conditions of reinforcement 7.5—Placing reinforcement 7.6—Spacing limits for reinforcement
7.7—Concrete protection for reinforcement 7.8—Special reinforcement details for columns 7.9—Connections 7.10—Lateral reinforcement for compression members 7.11—Lateral reinforcement for flexural members 7.12—Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement 7.13—Requirements for structural integrity
ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary
TABLE OF CONTENTS 318/318R-5
PART 4—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
CHAPTER 8—ANALYSIS AND DESIGN— GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS .........................................318-85
8.0—Notation 8.1—Design methods 8.2—Loading 8.3—Methods of analysis 8.4—Redistribution of negative moments in continuous
flexural members 8.5—Modulus of elasticity
8.6—Stiffness 8.7—Span length 8.8—Columns 8.9—Arrangement of live load 8.10—T-beam construction 8.11—Joist construction 8.12—Separate floor finish
CHAPTER 9—STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS .....................................................................318-95
9.0—Notation 9.1—General 9.2—Required strength
9.3—Design strength 9.4—Design strength for reinforcement 9.5—Control of deflections
CHAPTER 10—FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS............................................318-109
10.0—Notation 10.1—Scope 10.2—Design assumptions 10.3—General principles and requirements 10.4—Distance between lateral supports of flexural
members 10.5—Minimum reinforcement of flexural members 10.6—Distribution of flexural reinforcement in beams and
one-way slabs 10.7—Deep beams 10.8—Design dimensions for compression members
10.9—Limits for reinforcement of compression members 10.10—Slenderness effects in compression members 10.11—Magnified moments—General 10.12—Magnified moments—Nonsway frames 10.13—Magnified moments—Sway frames 10.14—Axially loaded members supporting slab system 10.15—Transmission of column loads through floor
system 10.16—Composite compression members 10.17—Bearing strength
CHAPTER 11—SHEAR AND TORSION....................................................... 318-139
11.0—Notation 11.1—Shear strength 11.2—Lightweight concrete 11.3—Shear strength provided by concrete for non-
prestressed members 11.4—Shear strength provided by concrete for prestressed
members 11.5—Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement
11.6—Design for torsion 11.7—Shear-friction 11.8—Deep beams 11.9—Special provisions for brackets and corbels 11.10—Special provisions for walls 11.11—Transfer of moments to columns 11.12—Special provisions for slabs and footings
CHAPTER 12—DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT .........................................................318-187
12.0—Notation 12.1—Development of reinforcement—General 12.2—Development of deformed bars and deformed wire
in tension 12.3—Development of deformed bars and deformed wire
in compression 12.4—Development of bundled bars 12.5—Development of standard hooks in tension 12.6—Mechanical anchorage 12.7—Development of welded deformed wire fabric in
tension 12.8—Development of welded plain wire fabric in tension
12.9—Development of prestressing strand 12.10—Development of flexural reinforcement—General 12.11—Development of positive moment reinforcement 12.12—Development of negative moment reinforcement 12.13—Development of web reinforcement 12.14—Splices of reinforcement—General 12.15—Splices of deformed bars and deformed wire in
tension 12.16—Splices of deformed bars in compression 12.17—Special splice requirements for columns 12.18—Splices of welded deformed wire fabric in tension 12.19—Splices of welded plain wire fabric in tension
ACI 318 Building Code and Commentary
TABLE OF CONTENTS318/318R-6
CHAPTER 13—TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS............................................ 318-213
13.0—Notation 13.1—Scope 13.2—Definitions 13.3—Slab reinforcement
13.4—Openings in slab systems 13.5—Design procedures 13.6—Direct design method 13.7—Equivalent frame method
CHAPTER 14—WALLS .............................................................................. 318-233
14.0—Notation 14.1—Scope 14.2—General 14.3—Minimum reinforcement 14.4—Walls designed as compression members
14.5—Empirical design method 14.6—Nonbearing walls 14.7—Walls as grade beams 14.8—Alternative design of slender…
ACI 318 standard
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V rsion 5.5 e - StructurePoint manual v5.50.pdfآ Code support for ACI 318-14, ACI 318-11, ACI 318-08,
Program Documentation for - documentation.pdf Reference: PCA, "Notes on ACI 318-99" Example 13.1 File
V rsion 5.5 e - PCA StructurePoint Reinforced Concrete Building Design Manual2016-11-21... Section Design ... Investigation of Concrete Shear Wall ... ACI 318-05, ACI 318-02 Code support
The Industry StandardThe Industry Standard - PCA ... ... For ACI 318-08 ,,, 05, and 02 For ACI 318-99
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318-99 and PCA Notes following procedure is specified for footing design: 1. The footing size ... With the publication of ACI 318-83, ... 318-99 and PCA Notes
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